This textbook outlines the fundamental ideas and concepts of ecology as a natural science discipline comprising three parts: general (biospheric) ecology; applied ecology, which addresses the destructive environmental impact of human economic activity; and key aspects of social ecology, which examine the interrelationship between the ecological evolution of the planetary environment and the social development of human society. The book is intended for university students specializing in "Automation of Technological Processes and Production" and "Applied Informatics."