The goal of this Special Issue is to highlight the research frontier of the river ecological restoration and groundwater artificial recharge, considering the river shrinkage and groundwater depletion worldwide. In the opening period of the Special Issue, we were lucky to receive 21 submissions. After peer review organized by the journal and the selection of our Special Issue, ten papers were finally selected and published in the Special Issue. The papers can generally be classified according to the following topic areas: (1) identifying and characterizing the complex hydrological processes in the river ecological restoration or groundwater artificial recharge; (2) characterizing the impacts of the river ecological restoration or groundwater artificial recharge on the physiochemical and biological evolution and the ecological risk of aquatic environment; and (3) demonstrating the redistribution of water resources and the safety of water quality in the river ecological restoration or groundwater artificial recharge. We believe that these high-quality papers have important reference value for the sustainable management of the water resources and the ecological protection of water