This manual outlines the fundamentals of general ecology and standards for environmental practices. It covers abiotic factors and the specific characteristics of population, habitat, and ecosystem ecology; describes essential life conditions, biogeochemical cycles involving biogenic elements, and the adaptation of living organisms to various environments; and examines principles of environmental regulation, the impact of adverse environmental factors on human health, and global environmental issues. The manual is based on lecture materials delivered by the authors at the Bauman Moscow State Technical University. Intended for students studying the discipline of "Ecology."