This study guide examines issues of general and applied ecology, outlines the fundamentals of V. I. Vernadsky’s theory of the biosphere, describes environmental problems, and highlights key areas of activity regarding environmental protection and the rational use of natural resources. It is intended for bachelor's students specializing in the following fields: 240100 "Chemical Technology," 240700 "Biotechnology," and 241000 "Energy- and Resource-Saving Processes in Chemical Technology, Petrochemistry, and Biotechnology."